How did the atomic bomb get created?

How did the atomic bomb get created?

Hitler created a powerful, psychopathic, virulently contagious form of hatred and assault of the Jews.

Which drove all the creative Jewish physicists out of Germany, Austria, Italy, and other Nazi-influenced European states.

These creative Jewish physicists eventually ended up in the Manhattan Project.

The urgency of the evacuation from German university employment, and the energy and passion with which colleagues arranged working positions [and livelihoods] for the outcast Jewish physicists is a small but poignant part of the preface to WWII.

In “The Making of the Atomic bomb”, Richard Rhodes devotes an entire chapter to the Exodus, to the deeply affecting history of anti-Semitism. To Hitler, Mein Kampf, and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and to families of Jewish physicists leaving Germany during the early days of crisis, finding, with the help of colleagues, academic and research positions in England and America. Rhodes tells one small story of Leopold Infeld arriving in Princeton.

Leopold Infeld, riding the train through New Jersey from New York to Princeton, “was astonished at so many wooden houses; in Europe they are looked down upon as cheap substitutes which do not, like brick, resist the attack of passing time.” Inevitably on that passage he noticed “old junked cars, piles of scrap iron.” At Princeton the campus was deserted. He found a hotel and asked where all the students had gone. Perhaps to see Notre Dame, the clerk said. “Was I crazy?” Infeld asked himself. “Notre Dame is in Paris. Here is Princeton with empty streets. What does it all mean?” He soon found out. “Suddenly the whole atmosphere changed. It happened in a discontinuous way, in a split second. Cars began to run, crowds of people streamed through the streets, noisy students shouted and sang.” Infeld arrived on a Saturday; in those days Princeton played Notre Dame at football.

Rhodes concludes the chapter on the exodus of Jewish physicists with this observation.

A chemist, Kurt Mendelssohn, vividly recalled the morning after his escape: “When I woke up, the sun was shining in my face. I had slept deeply, soundly, and long — for the first time in many weeks.”

Before it is science and career, before it is livelihood, before it is even family or love, freedom is sound sleep and safety to notice the play of the morning sun.

Evolution of Life… and Evolution of Books

Can a published book continue to evolve after it is printed?

Sadly, science books that once Changed My Life have since Become Obsolete.

Nigel Calder’s Restless Earth and Violent Universe, based on BBC documentaries, were marvelous, exciting, illustrated, and readable for the popular audience. Restless Earth presented plate tectonics, and Violent Universe presented current events in cosmology for the later ’60’s.

I recently retrieved my old copies from the basement, and sadly concluding they were hopelessly out-of-date, I discarded them. That made me very sad, because I couldn’t read them again myself, and I couldn’t share them enthusiastically with others.

Very Sad. Very Melancholy.

But recently, I stumbled across evidence of evolution in science books.

I really love Stephen Drury’s Stepping Stones: the Making of our Home World [1999]. It covers current events in geology, chemistry, and astronomy bearing on the mystery of ‘how did life get started’. The chemistry, in particular, was just barely within my comprehension from high school advanced biology. The current events were lurid, gaudy, grand, and glorious, like dinosaurs to an eight-year-old boy.

https://www.amazon.com/Stepping-Stones-Making-Stephen-1999-09-23/dp/B01FGQ4KXA/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1473602420&sr=8-2&keywords=drury+stepping+stones

However, current events in science are rapidly overtaken nowadays, so Stepping Stones was out-of-date. I searched in vain for another book with the same wide scope across scientific disciplines, but no one else had tried to do what Drury did… give an overview of the whole glorious mess of the way Earth might have become the cradle of life… at a rich level of logic and detail just barely within my layman’s comprehension.

I despaired for years.

Then, this year, by accident, I stumbled across Drury’s attempt to publish a revised edition.
– A free revised edition…
– Published on the internet.

https://earthstep.wordpress.com/
Stepping Stones: the Making of our Home World
Steve Drury (Revised edition 2016)

Here’s what is so cool about that…
– A book published on the internet might never go out of date… as long as the author lived, and dedicated himself to constant revision and updates.
– Free is awesome. Particularly for an entry-level college textbook.
– Published on the internet permits reviews and comments from readers… so the writer could constantly receive feedback… and opportunities to amend hard-to-understand presentations. And readers could also add ideas and references.

Here’s what is not so cool about that…
– Printed books are much easier to read… especially for us who grew up with books.
– Reading a book online has many virtues… but comfortable reading is not one of them.

Drury considered publishing the revision as a pdf. But a published pdf has the same flaw as a printed book… it cannot constantly evolve, update, comment, and review itself.

I am an amphibious reader. I have learned to read in print or online, and I’ve learned improvisations for working back and forth across both environments.
– Most friends in my generation and older still read primarily in the print format. They generally say they like the ‘feel’ of a printed book. I bet they just prefer the printed book experience.
– I prefer the digital book. It is profoundly portable, self-lighting, and the type-size adapts to my aging eyes. I like its bookmarking, text-search, and extract-sharing functions, and I LOVE being able to download the first chapter for free from Kindle/Amazon to review a book before buying.
– Still, I own lots of print publications, and get lots of them from the library, so I do a lot of both digital and print reading. For example, I read the NY Times almost exclusively on iPad, but still read the New Yorker and NY Review of Books in print.

In an online comment to Drury, mostly to praise and thank him for the effort and dedication to produce this revision and publish it for free, I also suggested he share with his readers my improvised system for reading his revision offline.
– I print each chapter as a pdf [from my browser], and then transfer each chapter to my Kindle app on my iPad and iPhone. So I can read them either on my porch with a beer [iPad style], or while waiting in line anywhere [iPhone style].
– This is still slightly awkward, and requires extra effort, and is too geeky and techie for popular use. But it totally works for me, and may work Just Fine for younger geeks and techies.

And now I wonder… How should books and authors and readers… and the writing and reading experience… evolve?

Free is awesome. But how will writers make a living?

Providing free updates to a book is awesome. But what a lot of work!
– Drury has an interesting work model. He works for the Open University.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University
○ Which is a a public distance learning and research university… a fascinating thing of the future itself.
– A lot of the revisions that went into the current online revision of Stepping Stones started as blog entries in Earth Pages. [https://earth-pages.co.uk/about/] So Drury already has an efficient drafting-review-and-revision workflow for supporting constant evolution and revision in front of his reading public.
○ Is this a model for future authorship? Rough drafts as posts, review-and-revision in the comments sections, and eventual formal publication in a larger book-like-architecture?
– How do you make page references in an online text? Permalinks, I bet. Which is another awesome feature of digital reading… links embedded in the text that take you for references and further reading.

Blah, blah, blah.
– I’m tired of writing now. I want to go read.
I wanted to share with you. But I am lazy, and have a short attention span, and demand entertainment and instant gratification. [Which is one of the Many Reasons why I am a crappy blogger.]

For my earth-sky-and-life-science-loving pals…

A wonderful browse-able blogsite for current events in geology, astronomy, and biology… and a free online revision of an exceptional almost-too-difficult-and-technical science book covering the geological, astronomical, and biological roots of life on earth.

https://earth-pages.co.uk/author/sdrury777/
This is a link to Stephen Drury’s frequent blogs on cool recent news in geology, astronomy, and biology. Here’s some representative headlines.
– Signs of life in some of the oldest rocks [Sept 4]
– Lucy: the australopithecine who fell to Earth? [Sept 4] – forensic evidence that Lucy the famous australopithecine died by falling out of a tree
– The nearest Earth-like planet [Aug 28] – Proxima Centauri, the Sun’s closest companion star (4.2 light years distant), for godssake
– China’s legendary great flood did happen [Aug 24]
– Oceans of magma, Moon formation and Earth’s ‘Year Zero’ [Aug 12]

Often the discussion gets Really Technical. But the feature is always described simply and dramatically enough to thrill the eight-year-old science geek in me.

https://earthstep.wordpress.com/
And… a free online revision of a great scientific treatment of the search for understanding the birth of life on earth, through current events in geology, astronomy, and biology, by Stephen Drury, Stepping Stones: the Making of our Home World [1999].
https://earthstep.wordpress.com/contents/
– List/links to chapters

I’ve been rereading the revised Stepping Stones for the last two months, a chapter at a time. It’s really slow going for me, with difficult chemistry and math for a lazy layman decades out of my last biology class. But the questions are delicious, and the events and theories are dramatic and fascinating.

As a taste, I recommend the beginning of chapter 10, which talks about how the vast energies of comet and asteroid strikes produce huge geological and atmospheric changes in seconds, instead of the millions and hundreds of millions years required by normal geological processes.

https://earthstep.wordpress.com/2016/06/07/chapter-10-graveyard-for-asteroids-and-comets/
[Wouldn’t you LOVE to own a car that had been struck by a meteorite?]

In a Too Long follow-up post, I’ll discuss how Drury’s book on the evolution of life has sparked reflections on the evolution of the printed book, and my evolution from print reader to digital reader. Which should be of less interest to you. But interests me a lot.

Contemporary International Tapestry at Hunterdon Art Museum in Clinton NJ

thru May 10, 2015. Probably too late.  The exhibition has been open over a year. Delightful. I would urge you see it. Small and satisfying. 

Hunterdon Art Museum
http://hunterdonartmuseum.org/tag/tapestry/

And not many images online. So I’ll share what I have. 

   
An assemblage, quilt-like. Grand scale, fine detail, each square with depth,vivid color, texture. 

  

detail: one square
 

A tapestry stretched on a bicycle tire frame     

Manhattan  (right = north)    
 

Triptych between windows  
Pamela and Yolanda may have other images I can add later. 

Point Reyes and Mount Tam, April 2015

https://www.flickr.com/photos/15939725@N04/sets/72157651705759350/
Flickr album… so you can see more photos, and look at full size.

 

Corsica, French Alps, and Provence

Spent two weeks in a convent in Corsica, learning a program of Corsican, South African, Georgian, and shape-note songs, then performing in 14th C. chapels in towns and villages in the north of Corsica.

I saw no nuns anywhere in the convent, but nuns may be like ninjas, and masters of stealth.

These two earlier blog posts contain links to Youtube videos from two of the performances, one in Bastia, the other in Macinaggio.

http://perfect.krolston.com/?p=312
http://perfect.krolston.com/?p=318

I was awakened at 5:30 each morning by a donkey alarm clock. Donkeys have beautiful voices, as I’m sure you will agree.

Corsican Donkey Love Song

VH Corsica 2012 Rogliano Video links

VH Corsica 2012 Rogliano Video links

Actually recorded at Macinaggio, Cap Corse, July 3, 2012, 19h, la Chapelle de Macinaggio, which is NEAR  Rogliano.

http://youtu.be/TXXk-EUZw8Y
01 Mamoshinane

http://youtu.be/OFm97ddpdkE
02 Muhaiyadeen

http://youtu.be/evni6180iUI
03 To the Angels

http://youtu.be/rWpOlbrrg7Y
04 O Salutaris Hostia

http://youtu.be/JCcWHY7xCXs
05 Kyrie

http://youtu.be/8TGV0L8v_FE
06 Agnus Dei

http://youtu.be/0byDvI2Dk_I
07 Puis Qu’en Oubli

http://youtu.be/8cZV1TWquHI
08 Maqruli

http://youtu.be/HeU-cZlWGsM
09 Gonja

http://youtu.be/uJweHe8Y48Q
10 Qanuri

http://youtu.be/8CmogPwEM28
11 U Versu di Mocu

http://youtu.be/YCbo3b-PuNI
12 O Fiore

http://youtu.be/jKvOPq1_dxA
13 Terzetti Diu Filena

http://youtu.be/RKY-1Xtik-4
14 U Ventu

http://youtu.be/LDZOIrkWPnc
15 Terzine Guagnesi

http://youtu.be/ritelW7StM8
16 Keep Your Eyes on the Prize

http://youtu.be/b8cFEz75GOA
17 Thina Simnqobile

http://youtu.be/35fMDY4xWbk
18 Diu vi Salvi Regina

http://youtu.be/NTdnRqf97ek
19 Tela Moyu

Bastia, 19h, l’Église de l’Immaculée Conception

VH 2012 Corsica – Bastia Concert videos

VH Corsica 2012 – Bastia, July 2, 19h, l’Église de l’Immaculée Conception

http://youtu.be/YM726asNgyU
01 Mamoshinane

http://youtu.be/5gnX67B9CgA
02 Muhaiyadeen

http://youtu.be/D4x8xjhFrVQ
03 To the Angels

http://youtu.be/OiHl2E0u2Yg
04 O Salutaris Hostia

http://youtu.be/-5PUGzPjY1E
05 Kyrie

http://youtu.be/nuA_Lyurkhs
06 Agnus Dei

http://youtu.be/H_UIGeKPDu0
07 Puis qu’en oubli

http://youtu.be/nwvh93_o57A
08 Maqruli

http://youtu.be/NyIAIFP9wjM
09 Gonja

http://youtu.be/5v9PeCMeLAA
10 Qanuri

http://youtu.be/oyXmtr8H740
11 U Versu di Mocu

http://youtu.be/fM5LHKPOLpc
12 O Fiore

http://youtu.be/s47qSAN9-Sw
13 Terzetti Diu Filena

http://youtu.be/BxshMrPJipg
14 U Ventu

http://youtu.be/fUlAlJ3eAfw
15 Terzine Guagnesi

http://youtu.be/fzkvsenbtzY
15.9 John

http://youtu.be/iWr9DgC-Jns
16 Keep Your Eyes on the Prize

http://youtu.be/dpMYjCs4P-o
17 Thina Simnqobile – Diu vi Salvi Regina – Tela Moyu

Moveable Feast II – How Peacefully We’re Sailing

In the spirit of inquiry, I’m going to experiment with making sheet music and recorded audio for songs available before the song meet.

Click on the hyperlink to view or listen to the file. Then you can either print the file from your browser, or choose “Save Page As… from your browser menu to download the file.

Or… if you use Windows, just right-click on the hyperlink and save to download the file. [Dunno how Mac works.]

http://krolston.com/How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing%20-%20Village%20Harmony%20Enfield%202008.jpg
Sheet Music -just print this.

http://krolston.com/06%20How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing.mp3
live performance with all parts – listen to this

http://krolston.com/How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing%20-%20digital%20voices%20-%20bass.mp3
digital voice – bass part – basses? listen to this

http://krolston.com/How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing%20-%20digital%20voices%20-%20tenor.mp3
digital voice – tenor part – tenors? listen to this

http://krolston.com/How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing%20-%20digital%20voices%20-%20alto.mp3
digital voice – alto part – altos? listen to this

http://krolston.com/How%20Peacefully%20We’re%20Sailing%20-%20digital%20voices%20-%20soprano.mp3
digital voice – soprano part – sopranos? listen to this